Jean Paul Sartre Essay

For Jean Paul Sartre, existence meant to become progressively more individualistic (Sartre, 175). Sartre believed this individualistic existence caused everyone to travel along a path toward self-realization and this process, he noted, had three stages. These stages being, Ethical, Religious and Aesthetic, as â€Å"All human beings are currently at one of this stages, depending on the extent to which they have achieved their life-project (Sartre, 175). † By more individualistic, Kiekega means that through each stage individual gain a higher understanding of self than they had before and it is through the privileged perspective provided by the assessment of and graduation from the previous stage that allows the person to attain this new form of self. Sartre goes on to further note that, â€Å"Each stage is a way of seeing life, a way of understanding the world. They are different ways of living out one’s existence, independent spheres of life, situations which embody a certain stability. Living fully in the aesthetic sphere will never lead to the ethical one, and the upholding of ethics will never open the door to religion. † He closes by pointing out that no one stage can completely dominate and individual’s life and if one were to allows this to happen they would stay stagnant and not progress through the stages. The first stage of Sartre’s progression of existential stages is aesthetics recognized as the ‘immersion in sensuous experience; valorization of possibility over actuality; egotism; fragmentation of the subject of experience; nihilistic wielding of irony and skepticism; and flight from boredom (Stanford, p1). † This stage of existence is a very selfish one that involves excessive self-indulgence. Sartre refers to temptation and the appreciation and distraction of beauty a lot in this section. Ethics in Sartre’s work has more than one meaning, â€Å"It is used to denote both: (i) a limited existential sphere, or stage, which is superseded by the higher stage of the religious life; and (ii) an aspect of life which is retained even within the religious life (Stanford, p1). † This is basically the stage where one starts to asses their life and view themselves objectively. It is recognized as the stage of reasoning this stage is ‘limited’ in that it is the stage that comes before the religious stage, but it is retained within the religious stage in that the traits used in the ethical stage must also be used to make the valuable choices in the religious stage. Ultimately the final obligation to transition from Ethics into the religious stage is to completely relinquish one’s reliance on reason for one’s trust in faith. The final stage of existence that Sartre recognizes is the stage of Religion, and specifically Christianity. Sartre believed the most important aspect of this stage, and in life in general, was faith and the passion one has for being morally responsible. It is also in this stage that Sartre stresses the value of choice. As noted, â€Å"Anxiety is a two-sided emotion: on one side is the dread burden of choosing for eternity; on the other side is the exhilaration of freedom in choosing oneself. Choice occurs in the instant, which is the point at which time and eternity intersect — for the individual creates through temporal choice a self which will be judged for eternity (Stanford, p1). † Here we see the concept of self changing once again and the self that was once perceived objectively with eyes looking from the Ethical stage onto the aesthetic stage from a more intellectual position, now in the religious stage is much more spiritual. Aesthetics/Ethics It is through the stage of ethics that aesthetics is recognized for its shallow and delusional ways. â€Å"This type of aestheticism is criticized from the point of view of ethics. It is seen to be emptily self-serving and escapist. It is a despairing means of avoiding commitment and responsibility (Stanford, p1). † Despite the selfish nature of the aesthetic stage Keirkegaard does not completely disregard its value, he recognizes that the aesthetic stage of existence is what makes the higher stages of existence necessary. This can specifically been seen with the transitional relationship between the aesthetic stage and the ethical stage. The stages work together by canceling each other out within other stages. For example, it’s noted in Sartre’s pseudo-dialectic that â€Å"the aesthetic and the ethical are both annulled and preserved in their synthesis in the religious stage. † This is how the transition between the ethical and the religious stage comes about in that the religious stage encompasses room for both previous stages within its borders. Descartes like Sartre is a highly respected philosophical thinker. His most famous work Meditationes de Prima Philosophia (Meditations On First Philosophy). Published in 1641, poses the main argument that â€Å"Every belief based on the senses (beliefs about the external world) is such that we could conceive it to be false (Descartes, p1). † By the external world being debatable, then one is forced to contemplate and examine the existence of reality. This closely relates to Sartre’s’s concept that the aesthetic stage can only be assessed from the ethical stage. Descartes adopts the ideal that one can only know they exist for sure through the process of examination one’s life through thought, because the existence of one’s thoughts is undeniable and not debatable. I can relate to Sartre’s ideas in that they are universal and applicable to every individual. The main concept they teach is the value of moderation. The fact that no one stage can on its own dominate one’s life completely. The religious stage is not at all relevant in one’s life without the conflict drawn from the clash between the aesthetic and the ethical. Without the aesthetic there is no need to stop outside of one’s own pursuit of personal pleasure to become self-aware, and without this reasoning one c an never become aware of the choices available to them to achieve salvation in the religious stage. I do think since Sartre was such a proponent of the Christian faith, there is no reason why his thinking can’t be promoted more in the church. For the most part many Christian churches avoid this type of in depth assessment as it pertains to individual growth. In sum, Sartre’s philosophies have stood the test of time because they are still applicable. His work pays homage to Descartes, as well as Socrates, who both promote the importance of the examined life. Walking through one’s life blindly only in the pursuit of meager pleasures or even over analyzing one’s every experience without fully embracing the moment, both can be detrimental to the value of one’s existence. Sartre, like many of the philosophers before him, has setup a model that all individuals can live by, and each stage feeds off the one prior. In addition to teaching that there is a value in our actions, Sartre also proves that there is a path to better understanding of one’s self through the constant self-evalutions of those actions. Work Cited SARTRE, S. , La maladie a la mort, in Oeuvres Completes, Editions de L’Orante, Paris, 1984, vol. 16, p. 175. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy â€Å"Jean Paul Sartre† First published Tue Dec 3, 1996; substantive revision Fri May 8, 2009 (Stanford, 2009)

Things That Annoy Me

Topic: things that annoy me in everyday life Things that annoy me? That's a question which each person has his own personal opinion on this Matter my personal one being different to many of other people. I'll tell you what annoys me everyday, rude people you go up to some people asking for directions in the city and the completely ignore you like you're not even there. Manners should be a basic in people's lives but apparently as I can see and experience almost everyday that's not the case. People are being brought up without manners in these days and its annoying me quite a lot.Noisy neighbors In the morning are also a problem since I do not begin university until later on in the morning however my neighbors who wake up to go to work also have noisy kids who decide to yell on their way outside the house so as a result I end up waking up way before I have to and having difficulties going back to sleep making me have slight sleep withdrawal symptoms in class. Another thing that annoys me in everyday life is when I get back to my apartment and want to relax after a stressful day by playing some online video games or want to surf the Internet to watch movies or listen to music and I have Internet connection issues.This frustrates me mostly since I have to get up off the couch figure out what the problem is try and fix it and if y attempts are unsuccessful I have to call the provider and wait on hold to talk to them and having to wait for them to come over and fix it which takes a few days. However even though there are a million things that annoy me in everyday life these are my main reasons. I have a million reasons that annoy me but I Also have select few reasons that make me want to wake up in the morning and start my day despite all thee negativites. By Nicholas Kiprianou

Jane Eyre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Jane Eyre - Essay Example Mrs. Reed is a selfish and hard-hearted person. She spoils her horrible children and hates Jane her niece. She is the antagonist of the childhood of Jane and through her Jane develops hatred against injustice. She is also cruel and oppressive. Despite John Reed a child, he is a bully. He reminds Jane of her poverty and pushes her around. He is also spendthrift and extravagant. He gambles, goes to brothels, gets into debts and leaves college. He is stubborn and threatening. He threatens to hurt his mother and commit suicide. Finally, he kills himself. Georgiana is attractive – has many admirers. She is also egocentric and selfish as all she speaks about herself. She does not give a damn when her mother falls sick and the brother dies. Eliza appears nasty to Jane during her childhood. She is jealous of Georgiana because boys flock to her. She spends her entire life detached and lonely. She is also hypocritical as she becomes a nun to get away from the world of people and not tha t she wants to serve God. As the school superintendent, miss temple appears to be extremely kind and caring. On the other hand, Miss Scratchers, a teacher, seems to be unpleasant, harsh and cruel. Miss scratched treats harshly Helen. Miss Temple has a good attitude towards others. She believes the story of Jane and offers her seed cake and tea together with Helen. She does not give in the idea of cutting the girls’ hair. She appears to Jane as being compassionate and reverent which is not the case to Miss Scatched.

Qualitative course Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Qualitative course Proposal - Essay Example In this study, the researcher used both qualitative and quantitative methods of collecting data to present a more rounded picture of findings. Close ended questionnaires and structured interviews would be used on selected respondents. Overally the study would seek to evaluate the impact of different types of social capital resources on performance of Chinese immigrant business. In recent years there has been growing interest in research on immigrant entrepreneur business activities. There are many researches focusing either on the resource-based view (RBV) or on transaction cost economics (TCE) to explain entrepreneur performance or small and medium enterprise performance. However, there is very little research that exists which integrates both of these, RBV with focus on social capital and TCE to explain business performance. There are even fewer studies that have considered their joint effects in explaining entrepreneurship within the context of an immigrant scope, or specifically in applying them to immigrant entrepreneur performance. This study presents a new integrated framework that applies theories of RBV with focus on social resources as well as TCE to the phenomenon of immigrant entrepreneurship as shown on Fig. 1, p. 47. Most existing studies tend to focus only on one type of social capital resource and very few have integrated the different types of social capital resources to explain entrepreneurship, especially immigrant entrepreneurship as shown on Table 3, p. 48). This study takes into account various social resources in explaining Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs. It seeks to investigate the relative impact on performance of Chinese immigrant businesses of different social capital like personal/ethnic resources and relationships that include business networks and personal guanxi networks. It provides a conceptual framework on how RBV with focus on how social capital facilitates immigrant entrepreneurs in gaining access to certain

Non-Malignanat Palliative Care Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Non-Malignanat Palliative Care - Assignment Example Introduction Certain incurable conditions like advanced malignancy and end-stage organ diseases are a challenge to health professionals like nurses for several reasons. Besides instituting treatments to manage their symptoms like pain, the nurses also need to take care of other aspects like emotional support, spiritual care and psychosocial interventions (Arolker and Johson, 2007). Patients who are in terminal stages of life need to be managed in a holistic manner keeping in mind the emotional distress they are going through. Such a care is known as palliative care. Extension of palliative care services to all patients, including those suffering from non-malignant conditions is a much discussed topic in many countries all over the world. Infact, there is a lot of pressure among health service circles for the provision of palliative care to patients based on their need rather than diagnosis. However, at the same time, there is paucity of practical skills and information as to how supp ort must be provided to patients with non-malignant diseases (Cochrane et al, 2008). In this essay, a critical analysis of provision of palliative care services by those specialists providing palliative care for cancer patients will be done. 2. Overview of the needs of people with non-malignant conditions for palliative care According to the World Health Organization (2009), palliative care is â€Å"an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial and spiritual." Historically, palliative care services by specialists were provided to only cancer patients (Addington-Hall et al, 1998). But, actually, even non-malignant patients in terminally ill stages require palliative care services and pressure to service these patients is mou nting enormously (Cochrane et al, 2008). According to Addington-Hall (1995), palliative care must be provided to patients based on the need rather than on the diagnosis. This means that even non-malignant patients who quantify for palliative services will need palliative care services. Palliative services for those with non-malignant conditions are sparse when compared with those with malignant conditions (Cochrane et al, 2008). Several needs assessments have proven that those with certain non-malignant conditions in the the long term develop some physical symptoms which burden the patients and their family members along with certain psychosocial needs that are unmet. Some such conditions include certain chronic neurological conditions like multiple sclerosis, end-stage renal disease, chronic respiratory problems like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic heart problems like dilated cardiomyopathy (Cochrane et al, 2008). The end-stage of life, when the patient and his/he r family members know about the proximity to death, evokes certain feelings and emotions like rage, denial, bargaining, envy, depression and acceptance (Aranda, 2008). According to DOH (2008), "the challenge for the NHS and social care services now, is to extend this quality of care from the minority of patients (mainly those with cancer) who currently come into contact with hospices and specialist palliative care s

International business Case Analysis - Wal-Mart Essay

International business Case Analysis - Wal-Mart - Essay Example Why was Wal-Mart unsuccessful in Germany, withdrawing in 2006, and relatively successful in the UK? 12 Reference 16 How attractive was the discount retailing industry in the USA when Wal-Mart first began operations in the 1950s. The US retail industry has considerably changed over the few decades due to two related trends, one being the discount retailing and second factor is the increasing prevalence of the large retail chains. The discounting retailing sector is controlled by chains. The concept is fairly new and the first discount store appeared in the 1950s. Discount retailing is one of the most dynamic sectors in the retail industry. Until 1990s two important retail chains were Wal-Mart and Kmart (Jia, 2007, p. 5). The retailing industry is known to be the second largest industry across the globe with respect to total number of establishment as well as total number of employees. The retail industry generates about $3.8trillion annually. The top five retail industry operating acr oss the world are Wal-Mart, Target, Home Depot, Costco and Kroger. Wal-Mart apart from being the largest retailer globally is also the largest company and generates approximately $256billion sales annually. In discount retailing industry the two main competitors are Wal-Mart and Target. ... With regards to Wal-Mart, suppliers who do not maintain or live up to the expectation of Wal-Mart point of system are thus replaced. Wal-Mart being a big brand and is powerful enough to make the suppliers recognise the fact and the situation when they do good business and thus can very conveniently switch suppliers at its convenience when they do not perform the work as expected. The suppliers also cannot afford to lose on the big brands, the key players and hence the supplier power tends to be low. As shown above the bargaining powers of customer are relative high as discount retail purchase can be substitutable and thus consumers has the power to go between the competitors depicting a high bargaining power. The switching cost involved in shifting from one competitor to another is also low and the consumers demand for high quality products at discount price. It is important to understand that consumer as individual does not have bargaining power with the retail stores but as a group consumers can demand a higher quality product at low price. Consumers are also price sensitive as a result the suppliers need to keep the price low to succeed indicating high customer power. Threat of new entrant is particularly low in the discount retailing industry as there exist a high barrier to enter the discounted retail industry with respect to investors, capital and competition. The huge capital required by a new entrant to compete with all the established retailers will take a longer time and establish them in the retail market. Although the switching cost is low for the consumers but brand loyalty towards a particular brand are relatively high and consumer would not like to shift towards a

Violence as entertainment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Violence as entertainment - Research Paper Example Epics and classics such as Iliad and Odyssey in Greek, Ramayana and Mahabharata in Hindu, Shakespearean Literature in Western and 1001 Arabian Nights in Arabian cultures stand as testimony to this. However, on the flipside, the sagas of wars and battles always illustrate the devastating miseries that the practice of violence has brought upon humans. Therefore, violence that sets misleading examples for children is not an appropriate form of entertainment as it glorifies brutality and breeds hostility besides fostering insensitiveness and apathy. The emergence of television, as a dominant form of entertainment during the early 1960s, has brought with it a major concern supported by scientific evidence that establishes the â€Å"casual relationship between violent television and aggressive behavior† (3). Psychologist contend that youngster modulate their attitudes and behavior on the basis of the â€Å"symbolic environment† that media promotes apart from their experiences in real life (3). Thus, when they remain exposed to violence in the media they will tend to imitate what they view on the TV and thus run the risk of indulging in violent behavior. The advent of visual technologies today offers the youngsters a wide range of channels on TV that telecast violent content in high definition and with 3 D effect. Thus, the viewing pleasure they receive from the media is so attractive as to be addictive and they spend a lot of time watching TV. When TV programs bombard their subconscious mind with constant images of violence, and influenced by such content, they will tend to believe that violence is an acceptable norm and become aggressive in real life. Evidence in the form of psychological research findings further suggests that watching violence in the media makes youngsters imitate the act as can be seen from incidents that involve â€Å"lethal violence† that has an â€Å"uncanny resemblance† to scenes in movies (Cantor 1). Children†™s tendency to imitate media content can be illustrated from the â€Å"crisis of playground injuries in schools† after the introduction of WWF in Israeli TV (2). The repercussions of this show on the children in Israel have forced the school authorities to conduct â€Å"media literacy programs† and the channel to reduce the frequency of its telecast (2). On the other hand, studies further show that frequent viewing of violent entertainment that portrays â€Å"graphic display of injuries† desensitizes children and reduces their â€Å"emotional response† to violence over a period of time (2). Similarly, such children, when they become adults are likely to indulge in â€Å"domestic abuse† as they tend to have lesser sympathy for the victims. Thus, it can be construed that when people remain exposed constantly to violence in media, they become indifferent to it and loses their emotional response and feelings of compassion for fellow beings. Research statistics further indicate that Americans constantly remain exposed to violent content and â€Å"60% of TV programs† contain violence (Bushman and Anderson 478). Studies also find that by the time children pass out from elementary grade, they would have seen over â€Å"8000 murders† and â€Å"